Modern European policy on protection and fostering Jewish life.

Authors

Oleh Kozerod
KURAS INSTITUTE OF POLITICAL AND ETHNIC STUDIES, Ukraine
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5992-7295

Keywords:

Jews, EU policy on the “Jewish question” , anti-Semitism , Jewish emigration

Synopsis

The monograph contains the results of the author's research on the European Union's (EU) policy regarding the "Jewish question", as well as the characteristics of contemporary Jewish communities in Europe. It analyzes current issues related to the development and implementation of the EU Strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life (2021–2030).
It is argued that the development of new legislation to combat antisemitism, based on the definition of antisemitism proposed by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), as well as the implementation of effective measures to support the development of Jewish life (the term "Jewish life" refers to the development of the traditional way of life of the Jews), are important tasks not only for the EU but for the entire civilized world. European efforts in these areas can serve as a benchmark and model for the United States, Canada, and other countries where such practices are just beginning to be established.
The author also analyzes the challenges of combating antisemitism in the EU and the reasons for the increasing emigration of Jews from the European continent. The monograph is intended for political scientists, historians, civil servants from EU countries and EU candidate countries, students of humanities, and all those interested in Jewish Studies.

References

A EU High Level Group on combating racism, xenophobia and other forms of intolerance. (2016, June). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/items/51025

A Shados Over Europe. (2018, November 28). CNN poll: Anti-Semitism in Europe. https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/europe/antisemitism- poll-2018-intl/

A soaring number of Sephardic Jews acquired Portuguese citizenship in 2017. (2018, February 23). JTA. https://www.jta.org/2018/02/23/global/a-soaring-number-of-sephardic-jews-acquired-portuguese-citizenship-in-2017

Adu, A. (2024, February 5). British Muslims losing trust in Labour over its handling of Israel-Gaza war. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/feb/05/british-muslims-losing-trust-in-labour-over-its-handling-of-israel-gaza-war

An unwanted sypmptom of the coronavirus crisis in France: Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. (2020, April 2). JTA. https://www.jta.org/2020/04/02/global/an-unwanted-symptom-of-the-coronavirus-crisis-in-france-anti-semitic-conspiracy-theories

Anderson, Yanique. (2015). Terrorist Created? The Radicalization of Muslims in Denmark by Senior Thesis. Hartford. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232743383.pdf

Antisemitic attitudes growing in Poland, finds new international survey. (2019, November 21). Notes from Poland. https://notesfrompoland.com/2019/11/21/poland-tops-international-index-of-antisemitic-attitudes/

Anti-Semitic ex-mayor becomes magnet for Vienna statue protests. (2020, October 8). RFI. https://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20201008-anti-semitic-ex-mayor-becomes-magnet-vienna-statue-protests

Antisemitic hate crime report. (2019). Brå. https://bra.se/bra-in-english/home/publications/archive/publications/2019-06-24-antisemitic-hate-crime.html

Antisemitische Parolen übermalt. (2024, Mai 6). ORF. Wien. https://wien.orf.at/stories/3255889/

Antisemitism and Islamophobia "major drivers" of hate crime, equality body says. (2023, November 16). Argus South Wales. https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/national/23928069.antisemitism-islamophobia-major-drivers-hate-crime-equality-body-says/

Antisemitism: Council declaration on fighting antisemitism. (2020, December 2). European Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/02/antisemitism-council-declaration-on-fighting-antisemitism/

Anti-Semitism: Germany sees "10% jump in offences" in 2018. (2021, February 13). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47223692

Anti-Semitism must be combated with determination, says Swiss president. (2024, January 26). Swiss Info. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/anti-semitism-must-be-combated-with-determination-says-swiss-president/49161376

Antisemitismus: Hunderte solidarisieren sich mit Gil Ofarim. (2021). Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/de/antisemitismus-gegen-musiker-gil-ofarim-davidstern/a-59414059

At least 4 dead in suspected terror attack near Vienna synagogue by Emma Anderson. (2020, November 2). Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/shots-near-vienna-synagogue-in-suspected-terror-attack/

Austria offers citizenship to the descendants of Jews who fled the Nazis. (2020, August 30). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/austria-offers-citizenship-to-the-descendants-of-jews-who-fled-the-nazis

"Austria Suspends Aid For Palestinians After Hamas Attack". (2023, October 9). Barron's. https://www.barrons.com/news/austria-suspends-aid-for-palestinians-after-hamas-attack-8ea1a10d

Chabad opens Germany’s largest Jewish center since WWII. JTA. https://www.jta.org/2023/06/26/global/chabad-opens-germanys-largest-jewish-center-since-wwii

"Belgium wants sanctions against Israel for Gaza bombings – deputy PM". (2023, November 9). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/belgium-wants-sanctions-against-israel-gaza-bombings-deputy-pm-2023-11-08/

Berlin has 290 streets named for people who expressed antisemitic views, analysis finds. (2021, December 14). JTA. https://www.jta.org/2021/12/14/global/berlin-has-290-streets-named-for-people-who-expressed-antisemitic-views-analysis-finds

Berlin Police chief warns Jews, gay peoples to "be careful" in Arab neighborhoods by Toi Staff. (2024, November 19). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/berlin-police-chief-warns-jews-gay-people-to-be-careful-in-arab-neighborhoods/

Big rise in anti-Semitism last year. Teach kids about consequences, Justice Min says. (2024, April 9). NL Times. https://nltimes.nl/2024/04/09/big-rise-anti-semitism-last-year-teach-kids-consequences-justice-min-says

Bleich, V. (2024, April 18). Antisemitism in the history of Raiffeisen? ETH Zurich. https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2024/04/antisemitism-in-the-history-of-raiffeisen.html

Board president hopeful Ziff urges Leeds University chiefs to take stand over antisemitism. (2024, May 3). Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/board-president-hopeful-ziff-urges-leeds-university-chiefs-to-take-stand-over-antisemitism/

Buckser, A. (2003). After the rescue: Jewish identity and community in contemporary Denmark. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, 271 p.

Chair of European Parliament Working Group on Antisemitism condemns wave of violent attacks. (2017, December 20). European Jewish Congress. https://eurojewcong.org/news/news-and-views/chair-european-parliament-working-group-antisemitism-condemns-wave-violent-attacks/

Chiappa, C. (2024, November 2). German antisemitism: Robert Habeck jabs Muslim groups, threatens deportations. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-robert-habeck-vice-chancellor-concerned-over-rise-of-antisemitism/

Cologne breaks ground on new Jewish Museum. (2018). Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/cologne-breaks-ground-on-new-jewish-museum/a-44463000

Commission holds Coloquium on combatting antisemitism and anti-Muslim hatred, as survey shows 50% of European belive religious discrimination is widespread. (2015, October 1). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_5737

Commission presents first-ever EU Strategy on combating anti-Semitism and fostering Jewish life. (2021, October 5). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_4990

Coordinator on combating anti-Semitism and fostering Jewish life. (2015, December). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/racism-and-xenophobia/combating-antisemitism/coordinator-combating-antisemitism-and-fostering-jewish-life_en

Coronavirus and the plague of Antisemitism. (2020, April 8). Community Security Trust. https://cst.org.uk/data/file/d/9/Coronavirus%20and%20the%20plague%20of%20antisemitism.1586276450.pdf

COVID-19 fueling worldwide wave of anti-Semitism, researchers find. (2020, June 23). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/covid-19-fueling-worldwide-wave-of-anti-semitism-researchers-find/

Curtis, M. (2003). Verdict on Vichy. New York: Arcade Publishing, 231.

Daisley, S. (2023, November 8). TikTok teens have an anti-Semitism blind spot. The Spectator. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/tiktok-teens-have-an-anti-semitism-blind-spot/

Danish party leader: "New citizens must recognise Israel". (2024, March 25). The Nordic Times. https://nordictimes.com/the-nordics/denmark/danish-party-leader-new-citizens-must-recognise-israel/

Danish teenager suspected of planning bomb attack against Jewish school in Copenhagen by Lucie Rychla. (2016, March 8). Copenhagen Post. https://cphpost.dk/2016-03-08/news/danish-teenager-suspected-of-planning-bomb-attack-against-jewish-school-in-copenhagen/

Deliveroo driver jailed for refusing orders from Jewish restaurants. (2021, January 15). Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2021/01/15/deliveroo-driver-jailed-for-refusing-orders-from-jewish-restaurants

"Denmark is a haven for islamists": Syrian origin politican by Chris Tomlinson. (2016, March 12). Breitbart. https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2016/03/12/denmark-is-a-haven-for-islamists-syrian-origin-conservative-politician/

Denmark wants to deport extremists imams. (2016, March 3). The Local newspaper. https://www.thelocal.dk/20160303/denmark-eyes-deportation-of-foreign-imams

Dutch parliament backs fighting anti-Semitism, but not funding Jewish security by Cnaan Liphshitz. (2020, July 3). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/dutch-parliament-backs-fighting-anti-semitism-but-not-funding-jewish-security/

Dutch Parliament backs motion incorporating Antisemitism in residency permit evaluation. (2024, January 25). Centre for European Democracy Studies. http://www.eurodemocracy.net/news-and-events/392-dutch-parliament-backs-motion-incorporating-antisemitism-in-residency-permit-evaluations

EHRI’s mission. What is the European Hoocaust research infrastructure. (2020, January). EHRI. https://www.ehri-project.eu/ehri-2020

Ehrlich, Avrum. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. London: ABC-Clio, I. https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-the-jewish-diaspora-origins-experiences-and-culture

"Einfach normal leben" – aber wie? (2021). Tagesschau. https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gesellschaft/juedisches-leben-103.html

English language "Lados List" world premiere in London. (2020, February 25). Poland. https://polandin.com/46818097/english-language-lados-list-world-premiere-in-london

EU Plan to fight antisemitism "not serious", Jewish community leaders say. (2021, October 13). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/eu-plan-to-fight-antisemitism-not-serious-jewish-community-leaders-say/

EU releases first-ever strategy to fight antisemitism, promote Jewish life. (2021, October 5). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/eu-releases-first-ever-strategy-to-fight-antisemitism-promote-jewish-life/

EU steps up its international cooperation to tackle Holocaust Denial and Antisemitism. (2018, November 29). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/items/640113/en

EU Strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life (2021–2030). (2021, October 5). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/racism-and-xenophobia/combating-antisemitism/eu-strategy-combating-antisemitism-and-fostering-jewish-life-2021-2030_en

EU to publish strategy to fight antisemitism, support Jewish life after pandemic. (2021, September 22). Times of Israel. https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/eu-to-publish-strategy-to-fight-antisemitism-support-jewish-life-after-pandemic/

"Europe „aiding and assisting” Israel's war in Gaza with key weapons". (2023, November 6). Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2023/11/03/europe-aiding-and-assisting-israels-war-in-gaza-with-vital-weapons

European Jewish identity: Mosaic or monolith? An empirical assessment of eight European countries. (2018). Institute for Jewish Policy Research. https://archive.jpr.org.uk/object-eur183

European Parliament Working Group on Antisemitism holds a constitutive meeting for the parliamentary term 2019–2024. (2019) https://ep-wgas.eu/2019/12/04/european-parliament-working-group-antisemitism-holds-constitutive-meeting-parliamentary-term-2019-2024/

European Union anti-discrimination policy: from equal opportunities between women and men to combating racism. (1997, December). EU Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/102/text5_en.htm#top

Europäische Antisemitismusbeauftragte trifft US-Sonderbotschafterin gegen Antisemitismus. (2023, Januar 27). https://germany.representation.ec.europa.eu/news/europaische-antisemitismusbeauftragte-trifft-us-sonderbotschafterin-gegen-antisemitismus-2023-01-27_de

Famille agressee а Livry-Gargan: la communaute juive s’alarme by Stephane Kovacs. (2017). Le Figaro. https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2017/09/11/01016-20170911ARTFIG00336-famille-agressee-a-livry-gargan-la-communaute-juive-s-alarme.php

Far-right activist Dries Van Langenhove sentenced to one year in prison. (2024, March 12). Belga News agency. https://www.belganewsagency.eu/far-right-activist-dries-van-langenhove-sentenced-to-one-year-in-prison

Faye, O. (2023, Novembre 16). Face à l’antisémitisme, le travail discret du Service de protection de la communauté juive. Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2023/11/16/face-a-l-antisemitisme-le-travail-discret-du-service-de-protection-de-la-communaute-juive_6200407_4500055.html

Figures for 2022: public prosecutors again register more anti-Semitic crimes in Berlin. (2023, March 12). Trend Detail News. https://news.trenddetail.com/today/amp/360741

"France Rejects Genocide Accusations Against Israel in Gaza". (2024, January 17). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/17/world/middleeast/france-israel-genocide-gaza.html

Frazer, J. (2024, April 9). Questions over poll suggesting 46 percent of British Muslims support Hamas. Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/46-of-british-muslims-support-hamas-survey-branded-misleading/

French court sends to jail Arab man who shouted 'dirty Jews’ at rabbi’s family by JTA. (2017, December 6). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/french-court-sends-to-jail-arab-man-who-shouted-dirty-jews-at-rabbis-family-517192

French historian Georges Bensoussan sued over "Arab hate" comment by Shirli Stibon. (2017, February 7). Jewish Chonicle.

French Jewish family assaulted after playing Hebrew songs in their car. (2020, December 19). Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/paris-jewish-family-assaulted-after-playing-hebrew-songs-in-their-car-652618

Friedman, G. (2023, November 27). In London, tens of thousands march in largest rally against antisemitism since WWII. Forward. https://forward.com/fast-forward/571277/in-london-tens-of-thousands-march-in-largest-rally-against-antisemitism-since-wwii/

"German Chancellor Opposed To „Immediate” Ceasefire In Gaza". (2023, November 12). Barron's. https://www.barrons.com/news/german-chancellor-opposed-to-immediate-ceasefire-in-gaza-0739398a

German intel: Know antisemitism cases "tip of the iceberg". (2022, April 20). Court House News. https://www.courthousenews.com/german-intel-known-antisemitism-cases-tip-of-the-iceberg/

German Jewish leaders fear rise of antisemitic conspiracy theories linked to Covid-19. (2020, July 21). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/21/german-jewish-leaders-fear-rise-of-antisemitic-conspiracy-theories-linked-to-covid-19

Germany labels youth wing of far-right AfD party as extremist group. (2023, April 26). The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/germany-labels-youth-wing-of-far-right-afd-party-as-extremist-group/

Germany’s strategy to combat anti-Semitism by Kamil Frymark. (2023, April 27). Centre for Eastern Studies. https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2023-03-27/germanys-strategy-to-combat-anti-semitism

GroenLinks en ChristenUnie dienen initiatiefwet in tegen hatecrimes. (2020, June 29). ChristenUnie. https://www.christenunie.nl/blog/2020/06/29/GroenLinks-en-ChristenUnie-dienen-initiatiefwet-in-tegen-hatecrimes

Groningen synagogue leaders cancel silent march on Kristallnacht anniversary. (2023, October 25). NL Times. https://nltimes.nl/2023/10/25/groningen-synagogue-cancels-kristallnacht-silent-march-israel-gaza-violence

Große Koalition verbiete Hamas-Flaggen vin Frederik Schindler. (2021). Welt. https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article231955891/Terror-Propaganda-Grosse-Koalition-verbietet-Hamas-Flaggen.html

Gründungszeit von Raiffeisen wurde auf Antisemitismus untersucht. (2024, April 18). Watson. https://www.watson.ch/schweiz/wirtschaft/388005858-gruendungszeit-von-raiffeisen-wurde-auf-antisemitismus-untersucht

Halamish, A. (2024). Some Reflection on the October 7th Catastrophe in Historical Perspective. Israel Studies. Indiana University Press, 29, 90.

Harpin, L. (2024, April 21) (a). Rishi Sunak: 7 October has left empty seats at the Seder table for too many families. Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/rishi-sunak-october-7th-has-left-empty-seats-at-the-seder-table-for-too-many-familes/

Harpin, L. (2024, April 25) (b). Home secretary holds talks over Jewish community safety fears. Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/home-secretary-holds-talks-with-board-president-over-community-safety-fears/

Harpin, L. (2024, March 26) (c). Sadiq Khan: "You can be passionate about Palestinian rights AND condemn Hamas". Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/sadiq-khan-its-possible-to-be-passionate-on-palestinian-rights-and-to-condemn-hamas/

Hebrew grammar book from 16th century returns to Prague by Karel Janicek. (2018, January 16). The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/hebrew-grammar-book-from-16th-century-returns-to-prague/

Heitlinger, A. (2011). In the Shadows of the Holocaust and Communism: Czech and Slovak Jews Since 1945. New Brunswick, 252.

Heren, K. (2023, December 2). Jewish students at east London university "subjected to Hitler jokes and threats of violence" by other students. LBC. https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-mary-jewish-students-east-london-university-to-hitler-jokes-threats/

Historians attack "political" Shoah Wall. (2021, July 15). The Jewish Cronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/world/historians-attack-political-shoah-wall-1.518668

Icke antisemitic conspiracies viewed over 30 million times, new research shows. (2020, May 1). Jewish Chronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/icke-antisemitic-conspiracies-viewed-over-30-million-times-new-research-shows-1.499368

In Austrian Anti-semitism Study 31% Made Biased Statements, Down From 2018. (2021, March 15). Jewish Exponent. https://www.jewishexponent.com/2021/03/15/in-austrian-anti-semitism-study-31-made-biased-statements-down-from-2018/

International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance. United Kingdom. (2024). Holocaust remembrance. https://holocaustremembrance.com/countries/united-kingdom

Interview with Politico on upcoming EU Strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life. (2021, August 31). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/items/719267/en

Intifada is announced from Malmo: "We’ re going to shoot the Jews…". (2017, December 9). Save my Sweden.

Imam at Danish mosque: Stone women to death. (2016, February 29). The Local newspaper. http://www.thelocal.dk/20160229/denmark-mosque-teaches-stoning-and-whipping

"Israel-Gaza attacks: King 'appalled' by „barbaric” Hamas – palace sources". (2023, October 11). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67080828

"Israel-Gaza war: UK and Germany call for „sustainable” ceasefire". (2023, December 17). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/16/idf-says-hostages-it-killed-were-bare-chested-and-waving-white-flag

"Je condamne fermement les attaques terroristes qui frappent actuellement Israël. J'exprime ma pleine solidarité avec les victimes, leurs familles et leurs proches". (2023, October 7). Twitter. https://x.com/EmmanuelMacron/status/1710586594330087796

Jewish leaders hope pope’s Slovakia visit heal ties. (2021, September 11). AFP. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210911-jewish-leaders-hope-pope-s-slovakia-visit-will-heal-ties

Jewish Life in Austria and Germany Since 1945: Identity and Communal Reconstruction. (2016). Budapest – New York: CEU Press.

Jews on the Italian peninsula. (2023, November 7). World Jewish Congress. https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/it

"Just spoke with Prime Minister @netanyahu about the unprecedented attack by Hamas on Israel. I told him that the Netherlands unequivocally condemns this terrorist violence and fully supports Israel's right to defend itself". (2023, October 7). Twitter. https://x.com/MinPres/status/1710583233505608059

Kadar, A. (2024). The legal framework to combat antisemitism in the EU. Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission). (2024). Brussels, 5. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/11771092/the-legal-framework-to-combat-antisemitism-in-the-eu/12664589/

Kampeas, R. (2024, January 10). Gabriel Attal, France's new prime minister, says his Jewish ancestry has shaped him. Australian jewish News. https://www.australianjewishnews.com/gabriel-attal-frances-new-prime-minister-says-his-jewish-ancestry-has-shaped-him/

Kindermans, M. (2024, March 18). Macron promet de rester "intraitable" face à l'antisémitisme. Les Echos. https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/emmanuel-macron-president/macron-promet-de-rester-intraitable-face-a-lantisemitisme-2083445

King unveils monument to 102,000 Dutch Holocaust victims. (2021, September 20). DutchNews. nl. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2021/09/king-unveils-monument-to-102000-dutch-holocaust-victims/

La faute de Marine Le Pen sur la ra e du Vel’ d’Hiv. (2017, April 10). Le Monde, 65.

La Première ministre a présenté le Plan national de lutte contre le racisme, l’antisémitisme et les discriminations liées à l’origine (2023–2026). (2023, January 30). https://www.gouvernement.fr/communique/la-premiere-ministre-a-presente-le-plan-national-de-lutte-contre-le-racisme-lantisemitisme-et-les-discriminations-liees-a-lorigine-2023-2026

Landtagspräsidentenkonferenz in Brüssel. (2023, Januar 23). https://www.bayern.landtag.de/aktuelles/blick-nach-europa/23012022-landtagspraesidentenkonferenz-bruessel/

"Lars Løkke fordømmer angreb på Israel: Terrorisme". (2023, October 7). Onp. dk. https://onp.dk/nyheder/politik/lars-loekke-fordoemmer-angreb-paa-israel-terrorisme/

Leiden University opens probe into anti-Semitism at law faculty. (2020, December 1). DutchNews. nl. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2020/12/leiden-university-opens-probe-into-anti-semitism-at-law-faculty/

Lemkowicz, Y. (2023, September 28). Luxembourg, 11th EU country to unveil new action plan against antisemitism. European Jeewish Press. https://ejpress.org/luxembour-11th-eu-country-to-unveils-new-action-plan-against-antisemitism/

Luxembourg Jewish community. (2023, September 27). https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/lu

"Macron says „no justification” for bombing civilians as he calls for Gaza ceasefire". (2023, November 10). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/10/macron-says-no-justification-for-bombing-civilians-as-he-calls-for-gaza-ceasefire

Magid, J. (2023, October 31). Erdan tells UN he’ll don yellow Star of David until it condemns Hamas. Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/erdan-tells-security-council-hell-don-yellow-star-of-david-until-it-condemns-hamas/

Malmö International Forum on Holocaust Remembrance and Combating Antisemitism. (2021, October 15). Government Offices of Sweden. https://www.government.se/government-policy/remember--react/

Matisyahu: "Anti-Semitism at Spanish festival was something I never experienced before". (2015). Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Matisyahu-Anti-Semitism-at-Spanish-reggae-festival-was-something-I-never-experienced-before-413733

McDonald, A. (2024, April 4). Ex-minister urges UK to "flush out extremists" in government who back Israeli settlements. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/alan-duncan-uk-extremists-government-israel-hamas-war-settlements/

Miss France runner-up attacked online for saying her father is Israeli. (2020, December 21). Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/miss-france-runner-up-attacked-online-for-saying-her-father-is-israeli-652760

Monaco’s prince honored for Holocaust apology. (2018, March 6). JTA. https://www.jta.org/2018/03/06/global/european-ex-leaders-honor-monacos-prince-holocaust-apology

Morton, B., & Seddon, P. (2023, November 15). Suella Braverman accuses Rishi Sunak of betrayal in scathing letter BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67420331

Nationaal Coördinator Antisemitismebestrijding in 2021 van start. (2021, December 13). Rijksodevheid. https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ministerie-van-justitie-en-veiligheid/nieuws/2020/12/13/nationaal-coordinator-antisemitismebestrijding-in-2021-van-start

Netanyahu condemns antisemitic pogrom in Amsterdam, warns world leaders attacks will spread if don’t act. (2024, November 10). Foх News. https://www.foxnews.com/world/netanyahu-condemns-antisemitic-pogrom-amsterdam-warns-world-leaders-attacks-spread-dont-act

New Jewish studies program launches at large Frankfurt university by Toby Axelrod. (2021, February 10). JTA. https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/new-jewish-studies-program-launches-at-frankfurt-university

New Survey Reveals Persistence of Antisemitic Beliefs Among German Population, Especially FarRight Voters. (2021, November 17). Algemeiner. https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/11/17/new-survey-reveals-persistence-of-antisemitic-beliefs-among-german-population-especially-far-right-voters/

"Nobel winner joins push to boycott German cultural institutions over Gaza". (2024, January 11). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/11/artists-urged-to-reject-german-institutions-over-berlins-stance-on-gaza

NY Times apologies for Portuguese cartoon. (2019, May 2). The Portugal News. https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/ny-times-apologises-for-portuguese-cartoon/49349

One in five Brits believe anti-Semitic virus conspiracies – survey by Toi Staff. (2020, May 26). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/one-in-five-brits-believe-anti-semitic-virus-conspiracies-survey/

Open letter against anti-Semitism signed by 329 of 342 mayors of Dutch cities. (2024, April 26). NL Times. https://nltimes.nl/2024/04/26/open-letter-anti-semitism-signed-329-342-mayors-dutch-cities

Orthodox group leaves UK for Germany after nearly 70 years thanks to Brexit by Simon Rocker. (2023, May 12). The Jewish Chronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/community/orthodox-group-leaves-uk-for-germany-after-nearly-70-years-thanks-to-brexit-2d86XCJKxbXhsm5hAzMK98

Owen, G. (2024). Labour MP Damien Egan is offered extra security after pro-Palestine extremists send abuse about his husband serving in Israel's military. The Daily mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13096269/Labour-MP-Damien-Egan-offered-extra-security-pro-Palestine-extremists-send-abuse-husband-serving-Israels-military.html

Parliament wants 25 April to be national day against anti-Semitism. (2024, April 26). NL Times. https://nltimes.nl/2024/04/26/parliament-wants-25-april-national-day-anti-semitism

Percival, R. (2023, Dceember 4). Denmark calls in army to defend Jewish sites as Danish Chief Rabbi assaulted. The Jewish Chronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/world/denmark-calls-in-army-to-defend-jewish-sites-as-danish-chief-rabbi-assualted-hrfgt32x

Poland appoints ex-banker with Jewish roots as prime minister. (2017, December 8). JTA. https://www.jta.org/2017/12/08/news-opinion/world/poland-appoints-ex-banker-with-jewish-roots-as-prime-minister

Poland blocks bill that would prevent restitution of private Jewish property by Cnaan Liphshiz. (2020, April 16). The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/poland-blocks-bill-that-would-prevent-restitution-of-private-jewish-property/#gs.fllmp5

Poland gives out record numbers of passports to Israelis by Cnaan Liphshiz. (2018, August 24). https://www.jta.org/2018/08/24/news-opinion/poland-gives-record-numbers-passports-israelis

Police presence ramped up in London amid claims of celebrations following Israel attack. (2023, October 8). The London weekly. http://thelondonweekly.net/uk-news/6026-police-presence-ramped-up-in-london-amid-claims-of-celebrations-following-israel-attack

Polish embassy in Israel publishes e-book on WWII diplomacy. (2020, September 3). Polskie Radio. https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7784/Artykul/2575212

Politisk flertal: Imamer skal kunne miste statsborgerskab. (2016, March 21). Politico. http://www.politiko.dk/nyheder/politisk-flertal-imamer-skal-kunne-miste-statsborgerskab

Poll reveals controversial views among Russell Group students on October 7 attacks. (2024, May 20). The London weekly. http://thelondonweekly.net/eeducation/7544-poll-reveals-controversial-views-among-russell-group-students-on-october-7-attacks

Portugal grants citizenship to 10, 000 descendants of Sephardi Jews. (2019, July 17). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/portugal-grants-citizenship-to-10000-descendants-of-sephardi-jews/

Portugal's only rural Jewish community seeks a seat at the table. (2019, January 19). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/portugals-only-rural-jewish-community-seeks-a-seat-at-the-table/

Potsdam’s stylish new synagogue is the German city’s first since WWII. (2021, September 6). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/potsdams-stylish-new-synagogue-is-the-german-citys-first-since-wwii/

Pressegespräch anlässlich der Ergebnispräsentation des historischen Forschungsprojekts "Von der Reichsbank zur Bundesbank". (2024, Marsch 15). Bundesbank. https://www.bundesbank.de/de/presse/reden/begruessungsworte-918292#tar-2

Prime Minister asked to "celebrate as well as defend" Jews in meeting with communal leaders. (2024, November 29). Jewish Chronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/starmer-commits-to-action-to-reclaim-streets-and-campuses-for-jewish-community-during-meeting-with-communal-leaders-jp8m4m30

Prime Minister unveils new measures to ensure the safety of British Jewish communities. (2023, October 12). The London weekly. https://thelondonweekly.net/uk-news/6072-prime-minister-unveils-new-measures-to-ensure-the-safety-of-british-jewish-communities

Prince Albert of Monaco celebrates Israel 70th by Rina Bassist. (2018, April 26). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/prince-albert-of-monaco-celebrates-israels-70th-552831

Protestors at University of Lausanne continue pro-Palestine sit-in. (2024, May 5). Swiss Info. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/education/student-protest-at-university-of-lausanne-continues/76959597

Que disent les chiffres de l'antisemitisme en 2020. (2021, February 8). La Regle Du Jeu. https://laregledujeu.org/2021/02/08/36837/que-disent-les-chiffres-de-l-antisemitisme-en-2020/

Quell, M., & Surk, B. (2024, March 10). The Netherlands opens a Holocaust museum as protesters oppose Israeli president’s presence. Associates Press. https://apnews.com/article/amsterdam-israel-holocaust-president-0ddf32393b839be8ec115a485d807e42

Regeringen lancerer handlingsolan mod antisemitisme. (2022, January 25). Justits Ministeriet. https://www.justitsministeriet.dk/pressemeddelelse/regeringen-lancerer-handlingsplan-mod-antisemitisme/

Rishi Sunak announces extra £54 million to fund security for Jewish communities. (2024, February 29). ITV News. https://www.itv.com/news/2024-02-28/rishi-sunak-announces-72-million-to-fund-security-for-jewish-communities

"Rishi Sunak says Israel has an „absolute right to defend itself” against Hamas attack". (2023, October 7). Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-says-israel-has-an-absolute-right-to-defend-itself-against-hamas-attack-12979101

Rome mayor blocks street dedication for neofascist leader by Terence Daley. (2018, June 16). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/rome-mayor-blocks-street-dedication-for-neofascist-leader/

Rome’s Jews to boycott official Liberation Day event over pro-Palestinian groups by JTA. (2018, April 25). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/romes-jews-to-boycott-official-liberation-day-event-over-pro-palestinian-groups/

Rose, D. (2024, March 13). Antisemitism training for schools frozen after legal challenge from left-wing group UK branch of the US-based Diaspora Alliance launches judicial review over use of IHRA definition of antisemitism. https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/antisemitism-training-for-schools-frozen-after-legal-challenge-from-left-wing-group-ia9yl1ab

Scheib, A. (2009, March 13). The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Monaco. Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/monaco-virtual-jewish-history-tour

Schindler, F. (2024, March 23). Israel und Antisemitismus – das sind die neuen Fragen für Einbürgerungsbewerber. Die Welt. https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article250754984/Einbuergerungstest-Israel-und-Antisemitismus-die-neuen-Fragen-fuer-Bewerber-um-den-deutschen-Pass.html

Schools note upsurge in radicalisation among their pupils. (2023, November 10). VRT News. https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2023/11/10/schools-note-upsurge-in-radicalisation-among-their-pupils/

Scott, J. (2024, March 14). Michael Gove names far-right and Islamist groups which could fall under fresh extremism definition. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/michael-gove-names-far-right-and-islamist-groups-which-could-fall-under-fresh-extremism-definition-13094384#:~:text=Speaking%20in%20the%20Commons%2C%20the,we%20should%20be%20concerned%22%20about

Segal, R., & Daniele, L. (2024, March 18–19). Gaza as Twilight of Israel Exceptionalism: Holocaust and Genocide Studies from Unprecedented Crisis to Unprecedented Change. Journal of Genocide Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2325804

Shankar, P. (2023, November 11). "„Inhumane”: Top Belgium officials criticise Israeli bombing of Gaza". Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/top-belgium-officials-including-pm-criticise-israeli-bombing-of-gaza

Sherwood, H., & Ofori, M. (2024, February 15). Antisemitic incidents in UK schools soared in 2023, charity reports. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2024/feb/15/antisemitic-incidents-in-uk-schools-soared-in-2023-charity-reports

Should British Jews publicly cut ties with Israeli government, asks peer. (2024, April 26). Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/should-british-jews-disassociate-from-israeli-government-asks-peer/

Siegel-Itzkovich, J. (2024, May 2). Antisemitism in Europe is on the rise, yet residents are divided on its source-survey. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-799510

Six months since Oct. 7, British PM says "terrible" Israel-Hamas war "must end". (2024, April 7). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/six-months-since-oct-7-british-pm-says-terrible-israel-hamas-war-must-end/

Slovakia dedicates first new Torah scroll since Holocaust. (2019, September 8). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/slovakia-gets-first-new-torah-scroll-since-holocaust-600804

Slovakia Officially Apologizes for Antisemitic Laws During World War II. (2021, September 8). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/slovakia-officially-apologizes-for-antisemitic-laws-during-world-war-ii-1.10191925

Spain and Portugal have naturalized more than 90,000 descendants of Sephardic Jews since 2015. (2022, January 3). JTA. https://www.jta.org/2022/01/03/global/spain-and-portugal-have-naturalized-more-than-90000-descendants-of-sephardic-jews-since-2015

"Spain denounces „indiscriminate” Gaza deaths, angering Israel". (2024, November 24). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spains-pm-sanchez-current-ceasefire-gaza-not-enough-we-need-permanent-ceasefire-2023-11-24/

Spain: "The Most Anti-Semitic Country in Europe". (2011, April 7). Gatestone Institute report. https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/2020/spain-anti-semitic

Speech by President von der Leyen on the occasion of the International Holocaust Remembrance Day. (2021, February 1). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_21_361

"Statement Israel / OPT". (2023, October 8). FDFA. https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/fdfa/aktuell/newsuebersicht/statements/israel.html

Suddeutsche Zeitung: Antiseimitism conference in Vienna: "It’s getting worse and worse". (2018, November 22). European Jewish Congress. https:// eurojewcong.org/news/ejc-in-the-media/suddeutsche-zeitung-anti-semitism-conference-in-vienna-its-getting-worse-and-worse/

Survey: 38% of Jews in Europe are thinking about leaving by Eldad Beck. (2018, December 9). Israel Hayom. https://www.israelhayom.com/2018/12/09/survey-38-of-jews-in-europe-are-thinking-about-leaving/

Survey: Four in 10 British Jews have suffered antisemitism at work since 7 October. (2024, January 15). Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/survey-four-in-ten-british-jews-have-suffered-antisemitism-at-work-since-7-october/

Sweden has failed its Jews, ambassador to Israel says. (2018, January 5). The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/sweden-has-failed-its-jews-ambassador-to-israel-says/

Sweden’s Prime Minister Condemns Anti-Semitism in His Country. (2017, December 12). The New York Times, 44.

Swedish PM: "Sweden has an anti-Semitism problem". (2017, December 12). The Local Sweden.

Swiss Jewish group concerned about university protests. (2024, May 8). Swiss Info. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-politics/jewish-group-expresses-concern-about-university-protests/77154036

Teens apologize for threatening to bomb Swedish synagogue. (2018, April 12). The Jerusalem Post, 22. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/teens-apologize-for-threatening-to-bomb-swedish-synagogue-551338

Terrorists may attack as other countries become harder. (2017, October 16). The Portugal News. https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/terrorists-may-attack-as-other-countries-become-harder/43517

The Bishop who saved 1500 Jews. (2021, August 23). Aish. https://www.aish.com/ho/p/The-Bishop-who-Saved-1500-Jews.html

The Tour de France Winner Who Used His Bicycle to Help Save Hundreds of Jews During WWII. (2023, January 27). Time. https://time.com/6250483/gino-bartali-holocaust-italy-wwii/

Tilburg synagogue threatened after Hamas terrorist attacks, Israel war declaration. (2023, October 9). NL Times. https://nltimes.nl/2023/10/09/tilburg-synagogue-threatened-hamas-terrorist-attacks-israel-war-declaration#:~:text=The%20synagogue%20in%20Tilburg%20has,in%20Tilburg%2C%20told%20Omroep%20Brabant

Tweede Kamer must denounce Holocaust and coronavirus comparisons: Jewish organizations. (2021, September 19). NL Times. https://nltimes.nl/2021/09/19/tweede-kamer-must-denounce-holocaust-coronavirus-comparisons-jewish-organizations

UK assumes presidency of IHRA for 2024. (2024, March 25). Israel Hayom. https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/03/25/943813/

"UK PM says he has offered to send aid to Israel". (2023, October 9). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/uk-pm-says-he-has-offered-to-send-aid-to-israel/

"US offers „all appropriate support” to Israel following biggest attack from Hamas in decades". (2023, October 7). ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-07/world-reacts-to-surprise-hamas-attack-on-israel/102947964

Van der Bellen Verurteilt Antisemitismus. (2023, October 24). Die Neu Zeit. http://www.dieneuzeit.com/nachrichten/2591-van-der-bellen-verurteilt-antisemitismus

Vienna-born Israeli man, Ben Zion Lapid, 84, becomes first Jew to reclaim his Austrian citizenship under new law. (2020, September 7). JTA. https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/vienna-born-israeli-man-ben-zion-lapid-84-becomes-first-jew-to-reclaim-his-austrian-citizenship-under-new-law

Welcome home, 500 years later: Spain offers citizenship to Sephardic Jews by Henru Chu. (2015, October 1). Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-spain-sephardic-jews-20151001-story.html

Which Slovaks Believe in Conspiracy Theories? By Katharina Kingova. (2019, February 27). Globsec. https://www.globsec.org/2019/02/27/which-slovaks-believe-in-conspiracy-theories

Why Spain is standing up to BDS – for now by Cnaan Liphshiz. (2016, August 9). JTA. http://www.jta.org/2016/08/09/news-opinion/world/why-spain-is-standing-up-to-bds-for-now

Working Group meeting on the implementation of the EU Strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life. (2024, January 24). European Commission Newsletters. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/items/815799/en

Xavier Bettel presents the national action plan to combat antisemitism. (2023, September 27). The Luxembourg Government. https://gouvernement.lu/en/actualites/toutes_actualites/communiques/2023/09-septembre/27-bettel-schnurbein.html

Young Jews "feel generally unsafe in Europe", says EU watchdog group. (2019, July 4). Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/young-jews-feel-generally-unsafe-in-europe-says-eu-watchdog-group/

Zentralrat klagt über mehr antisemitische Gewalttaten. (2023, February 28). Jüdische Allgemeine. https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/politik/zentralrat-klagt-ueber-mehr-antisemitische-gewalttaten/

Ziva Pamet Zpristupnuje unikatni video archiv Instituce "Fortuno Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies" pri Yale University Library, USA. (2018, January 30). Ziva Pamet Novinky.

Zmizelé židovské sousedy bude připomínat desítka pamětních kamenů. Nové stolpersteiny odhalili v Teplicích. (2017). Ztis.

ÖAW erforscht antisemitismus an Österreichischen Unis. (2024, January 24). Die Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. https://www.oeaw.ac.at/news/oeaw-erforscht-antisemitismus-an-oesterreichischen-unis

rd EP-Knesset Inter-Parliamentary Meeeting. (2017, October). European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/archives/8/d-il/activities/inter-parliamentary

Downloads

Published

August 1, 2025

Details about this monograph

Co-publisher's ISBN-13 (24)

978-617-14-0368-0

Date of first publication (11)

2025